LACP.org
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Terrorism and Community Policing in the 21st Century,
The United States and Europe Compared
Synopsis, Chapter XIII, “Terrorism and Beyond: The Private Sector”
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Footnotes:

1. Fred Schreier and Marina Caparini, Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Occ. Paper No. 6, p. 60, Geneva, Switzerland, March 2005; see also US Senate Bill No. 768, 29 SEP 04.

2. P.W. Singer, The Private Military Industry and Iraq , November 2004, p. 13.

3. US General Accounting Office, “DoD Personnel Clearances. DOD needs to Overcome Impediments to Eliminating Backlog and Determining its Size”, Wash. , DC, GAO-04-344, March 2004.

4. Schreier and Caparini, op. cit., at p. 40.

5. US Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Memorandum by Patrick T. Henry, Assistant Secretary of the Army, available on Internet site of the Center for Public Integrity, http://www.publicintegrity.org.

6. Schreier and Caparini, op. cit., at p. 40.

7. M. Hall, “Private Security Guards are Homeland's Weak Link”, cited in Schreier, op. cit., ftnte 401.

8. Schreier & Caparini, Privatising Security , op.cit.supra, at p. 98.

9. W. D. Hartung, “An Incomplete Transition: An Assessment of the Iraqi Transition and its Aftermath”, in the American Newswomen's Club, Wash. , DC, June 22, 2004.

10. See, e.g., Seymour M. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib”, The New Yorker , May 10, 2004, pp. 42-47.

11. P.W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 226.

12 .Caparini, M., “Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans”, SIPRI Yearbook 2004 (note 61, pp. 251-85); Shearer, D., Private Armies and Military Intervention, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998); Milliard, T.S., “Overcoming Post-Colonial Myopia: A Call to Recognize and Regulate Private Military Companies”, Military Law Review, vol. 176 (June 2003), pp. 608; Cilliers, J., and Mason, P. (eds.), Peace, Profit or Plunder: The Privatisation of Security in War-torn African Societies and Security in Africa (South African Institute for Security Studies: Johannesburg, 1999), pp. 37-39; Avant, D., “The Privatisation of Security and Change in the Control of Force”, International Studies Perspectives, vol. 5, no. 2 (2004), p. 154; Mandel, R., Armies without States: The Privatisation of Security (Lynne Rienner: London 2002), p. 54; also see “Windfalls of War: US Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan”, Center for Public Integrity, Washington, DC, URL http://www.publicintegrity.org/wow/.

13. Spear, J., Market Forces: The Political Economy of Private Military Security, Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo, Oslo, Norway, June 2005, p. 17.

14. Fearon, J. and Laitin, D., “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War”, American Political Science Review, vol. 97, no. 1 (Feb. 2004).

15. Singer, Corporate Warriors, op. cit. supra, at pp. 128-9; Holmquist, Caroline, “Private Security Companies: The Case for Regulation”, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 9, January 2005, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, at pp. 11, 12, 17; Leander, A., “Global Ungovernance: Mercenaries, States and the Control over Violence”, COPRI Working Paper ( Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark) 2003, p. 6

16. Holmquist, C., op.cit., p. 15; Singer, Corporate Warriors, op.cit, pp. 238-9; Leander, A. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), The Commodification of Violence: Private Military Companies, Working Paper no. 11 (2003), p. 4, URL http://www.edi.org/issues/mercenaries/mercl.htm.

17. DHS Secretary Chertoff, speech to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC, April 29, 2005).

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. U.S. News and World Report, May 30, 2005.

21. National Response Plan (NRP), issued by the United States Department of Homeland Security, January 2005, at p. 30.

22. NRP, pp. 30, 37, 38.

23. NRP, at pp. 28, 33, 36.

24. NRP, at p. 85, citing Executive Order 13356 of October 2, 2004, published in 69 Fed. Reg. 53599 [2004].

25. Angie C. Marek, “Security at any Price?” in U.S. News and World Report, May 30, 2005.

26. Speech to U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington , D.C. , April 29, 2005.

27. Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff, in press conference with Associated Press, article by Lara Jakes Jordan, AP writer, July 14, 2005.

28. Arthur A. Jones and Robin Wiseman, “ Target for Terror? Smart Policing Needed to Protect L.A. Rail Riders”, in Los Angeles Daily News, Sunday, November 28, 2004

29. Spencer S. Hsu and Sarah Cohen, “Most Area Terrorism Funding not Spent”, in The Washington Post, May 10, 2005.

30. Mary Beth Sheridan, “Immigration Law as Anti-Terrorism Tool”, in The Washington Post, June 13, 2005.

31. Testimony of David B. Muhlhausen, Heritage Foundation, Wash., DC, chief Bush administration mentor on the topic of Community Policing and privatization of public safety, 2002, and repeated/updated 2005, The Heritage Foundation.

32. David Muhlhausen, John Ashcroft, on PBS Online Newshour, “Policing Immigration”, August 14, 2002; also see Muhlhausen, D., “Why the Bush Administration is Right on COPS”, April 23, 2003, Heritage Foundation.

33. See Seattle Police Chief Gil Kerlikowske, PBS Online Newshour, supra note 30.

34. Testimony of Richard M. Stana, director of homeland security and justice team at the General Accounting Office (GAO), House Judiciary Committee, June 21, 2005.

35. Kinsey, C., “Regulation and Control of Private Military Companies: the Legislative Dimension”, in Contemporary Security Policy, to appear July 2005; see also Holmquist, C., op.cit. supra, at p. 43.

36. P.W. Singer, Corporate Warriors, op. cit. supra, at pp. 226-227.

37. Ibid., citing Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1999); Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 26.

38. Krahmann, E., The Privatization of Security Governance: Developments, Problems, Solutions, Arbeitspapiere zur Internationalen Politik und Außenpolitik (AIPA), AIPA 1/2003 (Lehrstuhl für Internationale Politik der Universität Köln, 2003), pp. 13-17.

39. Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newswekk International, in Khaleej Times Online, July 11, 2005.

40. See, e.g., Alexander Hamilton in The Federalist Papers.

41. Herwig Wolfram, Geschichte der Goten, C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Oscar Beck, München, 1979; English translation by Thomas J. Dunlap, 1979, University of California Press, London, 1988, at pp. 50, 51, emphasis by authors.